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Case Overview:

The case involves obstructing kidney stones (4 mm and 3 mm in diameter) in the distal left ureter just before the UVJ (ureterovesical junction). The left kidney was a normal size with moderate left hydroureteronephrosis. The illustrations were used to help show the difference in moderate vs. severe disease and the types of indicators they use to diagnose moderate vs. severe. The jury found in favor of the defense.